Free Download Cell_Death by Gerry Melino and David Vaux

Cell_Death by Gerry Melino and David Vaux

Programmed Programmed cell death and apoptosis have been assumed to emerge with multicellularity, and to depend onspecific ‘death genes’ whose sole effects are execution or repression of cell death. In 1996, I proposed the ‘original sin’ hypothesis, postulating that the origin of self-destruction is as ancient as the origin of the first cells, and predicting that there are no specific ‘death genes’. Rather, an ancestral and unavoidable capacity of effectors of cell survival – of cell metabolism, differentiation, cycling – to induce cell death favoured their continuous selection during evolution for both their ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-death’ activities. Diversification of these effectors was accelerated by their recruitment into host/parasite interactions and symbioses, including the one that gave birth to eukaryote cells. The main prediction of the ‘original sin’ hypothesis is supported by recent findings showing that effectors of cell death indeed have previously undetected roles in cell survival.

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Free Downloand Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry by Earl, Bryan

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry by Earl, Bryan

This textbook has been written to help you in your study of chemistry to Cambridge IGCSE. The different chapters in this book are split up into short topics. At the end of many of these topics are questions to test whether you have understood what you have read. At the end of each chapter there are larger study questions. Try to answer as many of the questions as you can as you come across them because asking and answering questions is at the heart of your study of chemistry. Some questions in the style of Cambridge IGCSE examination papers are included at the end of the book. In many cases they are designed to test your ability to apply your chemical knowledge. The questions may provide certain facts and ask you to make an interpretation of them. In such cases, the factual information may not be covered in the text.

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Free Download Basic Biotechnology by Ratledge C.,Kristiansen B.(Basic Biotechnology 1)

Basic Biotechnology by Ratledge C., Kristiansen B.

Biotechnology is one of the major technologies of the twenty-first century. Its wide-ranging, multi-disciplinary activities include recombinant DNA techniques, cloning and the application of microbiology and other cell culture technologies to the production of a wide range of goods from bread to antibiotics. It continues to revolutionise treatments of many diseases, and is used to provide clean technologies and to deal with environmental problems. Basic Biotechnology uniquely combines biology and bioprocessing topics to provide a complete overview of biotechnology. It explains the fundamental principles that underpin all biotechnology and provides a full range of examples showing how these principles are applied; from starting substrate to final product. A distinctive feature of this text are the discussions of the public perception of biotechnology and the business of biotechnology, which set the science in a broader context. This comprehensive text is essential reading for all students and practitioners of biotechnology and for researchers in academia, research institutes and biotechnology industries.

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Free Download (Oxford Animal Biology) Mike Hansell-Animal architecture-Oxford University Press, USA (2005)

(Oxford Animal Biology) Mike Hansell-Animal architecture-Oxford University Press, USA (2005)

The functions of animal built structures are essentially only three: to create a protected home, to trap prey, and for intraspecific communication. To this could be added the incidental creation of burrows by obligate subterranean foragers, and the manufacture or at least use of tools by some species. The overwhelming number and diversity of builder species fall into the category of homemakers, although this includes homes built for personal use, for the family, or for the offspring alone. The most common functions of these homes are protection against extremes of temperature and the threat of predation. However, their protective walls may generate secondary problems, gas exchange, for example, which must be solved by further adaptations, some architectural, so adding to the complexity of the structure. In addition, these living spaces may, through evolution, incorporate new functions, such as food storage or fungus cultivation. Homes, therefore, vary greatly from a simple protective wall to a complex differentiated residence. Species that build prey capture devices, are very limited in their taxonomic distribution but ecologically widespread and important. Communication structures are simply rare, tool construction rarer still. The common attribute of all these structures is that they extend the control of the builder over some aspect of the environment. This chapter considers first the ability of homes to regulate the interior physical and also the biological environment, before looking at the nature and mode of operation of prey capture and finally communication devices.

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Free Download Understanding.DNA by Calladine et al

Understanding.DNA by Calladine et al

This is a book about DNA, the most central substance in the workings of all life on Earth. It is a book about the way in which DNA works at a molecular level. We have used the title Understanding DNA… because our subject has now reached the stage where many aspects of it are well enough understood for us to be able to give a clear and uncluttered presentation of the main ideas. But we shall not disguise the fact that there is still a great deal which is not known or understood. The book can be read at two different levels. First, it can be taken as an easy-to-read textbook for undergraduate or graduate students of chemistry and biology at university. Second, it may be read by ordinary people who have no prior knowledge of biochemistry, but who want to understand something of the fundamental processes of life.

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Free Download gene cloning _ DNA analysis by brown 6

gene cloning _ DNA analysis by brown 6

There have been important advances in DNA sequencing technology, in particular the widespread adoption of high throughput approaches based on pyrosequencing. Inclusion of these new techniques in the Sixth Edition has prompted me to completely rewrite the material on DNA sequencing and to place all the relevant information—both on the methodology itself and its application to genome sequencing —into a single chapter. This has enabled me to devote another entire chapter to the post-sequencing methods used to study genomes. The result is, I hope, a more balanced treatment of the various aspects of genomics and post-genomics than I had managed in previous editions. A second important development of the last few years has been the introduction of real-time PCR as a means of quantifying the amount of a particular DNA sequence present in a preparation. This technique is now described as part of Chapter 9. Elsewhere, I have made various additions, such as inclusion of topoisomerase-based methods for blunt end ligation in Chapter 4, and generally tidied up parts of chapters that had become slightly unwieldy due to the cumulative effects of modifications made over the 25 years since the First Edition of this book. The Sixth Edition is almost twice as long as the First, but retains the philosophy of that original edition. It is still an introductory text that begins at the beginning and does not assume that the reader has any prior knowledge of the techniques used to study genes and genomes.

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Free Download Biotechnology-a-laboratory-course by becker et al

Biotechnology-a-laboratory-course by becker et al

Biotechnology" A Laboratory Course has been used for laboratory courses at undergraduate and graduate levels in many colleges and universities in the United States and has been translated into Chinese. The objectives of this manual are unchanged. We have attempted to create a text that consists of a series of laboratory exercises providing a continuum of experiments. We begin with basic techniques and culminate in the utilization of previously acquired technical experience and experimental material. Two organisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli) a single plasmid (pRY121) and a single enzyme (B-galactosidase) are the experimental material, yet the procedures and principles demonstrated are widely applicable to other systems. The second edition differs from the first in many ways. Exercises 1 through 6 have been consolidated and streamlined. New procedures are used for large-scale plasmid isolation, yeast transformation, and DNA quantitation. New exercises have been introduced for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for detecting/3- galactosidase in yeast colonies, for shuttling plasmids from S. cerevisiae to E. coli, and for detecting proteins on blots by antibodies. The Glossary has been amended and several new Appendixes have been added. For example, a new Appendix contains a list of World Wide Web addresses enabling students and instructors to access valuable information on the biological sciences on the Internet. All of the remaining Exercises and Appendixes have been completely revised to incorporate suggestions from students and instructors, and the references at the end of each exercise have

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Histology A Text and Atlas With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (6th Ed.) (Ross)

Histology A Text and Atlas With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology (6th Ed.) (Ross)

This brief introduction to the proper use of the light microscope is directed to those students who will use the microscope for the routine examination of tissues. If the following comments appear elementary, it is only because most users of the microscope fail to use it to its fullest advantage. Despite the availability of today’s fine equipment, relatively little formal instruction is given on the correct use of the light microscope. Expensive and highly corrected optics perform optimally only when the illumination and observation beam paths are centered and properly adjusted. The use of proper settings and proper alignment of the optic pathway will contribute substantially to the recognition of minute details in the specimen and to the faithful display of color for the visual image and for photomicrography. Köhler illumination is one key to good microscopy and is incorporated in the design of practically all modern laboratory and research microscopes. Figure F1.4.1 shows the two light paths and all the controls for alignment on a modern laboratory microscope; it should be referred to in following the instructions given below to provide appropriate illumination in your microscope. The alignment steps necessary to achieve good Köhler illumination are few and simple: • Focus the specimen. • Close the field diaphragm. • Focus the condenser by moving it up or down until the outline of its field diaphragm appears in sharp focus. • Center the field diaphragm with the centering controls on the (condenser) substage. Then open the field diaphragm until the light beam covers the full field observed. • Remove the eyepiece (or use a centering telescope or a phase telescope accessory if available) and observe the exit pupil of the objective. You will see an illuminated circular field that has a radius directly proportional to the numeric aperture of the objective. As you close the condenser diaphragm, its outline will appear in this circular field. For most stained materials, set the condenser diaphragm to cover approximately two thirds of the objective aperture. This setting results in the best compromise between resolution and contrast (contrast simply being the intensity difference between dark and light areas in the specimen)...

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BRS Microbiology and Immunology (Board Rev - Arthur G. Johnson Phd)

BRS Microbiology and Immunology (Board Rev - Arthur G. Johnson Phd)

The book is divided into 12 chapters, starting with basic information and then leading the student quickly to the level of detail and comprehension needed for Step 1. For each major category of microbes (e.g., viruses), there is a fundamental chapter (two for the bacteria) followed by an organ-systems infectious disease approach with critical signs/symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis of infections and immune diseases, and the mechanisms for preventing infection and means of identifying and diagnosing the causative agent. !en an updated Chapter 11 (Clues for Distinguishing Causative Agents) presents the diseases a second time, this time utilizing an organ systems-based approach presented by text and great graphic %ow-charts starting with symptoms frequently mentioned in casebased questions. Included also are tables listing agents associated with di$erent types of rashes. New to the 6th edition are detailed summary tables of the characteristics and details of the di$erent agents causing meningitis, encephalitis, upper and lower respiratory infections, and pneumonias. Because many medical schools have switched to a fundamentals block followed by organ system modules, we have created an-online 6th edition Systems-Based Table of Contents/ Guide which facilitates use in a system-base course by listing both the pages of reading and chapter question-numbers for these courses. !is aids faculty using the book in a systembased course and gives the reviewing student options for how they want to organize their review. !e outline format facilitates rapid review of important information. Each chapter is followed by review questions and answers, with explanations that re%ect the style and content of the USMLE. !ese questions are available online as well and can generate systems-based or taxonomic self-quizzes. We have added four separate comprehensive examinations at the end of the book. Each has the same general sub-subject distribution generally found on Step 1 and so may be used as a practice exam and self-assessment tool to help students diagnose their weaknesses prior to, during, and after reviewing microbiology and immunology. !e Comprehensive Exam questions (accessible online as well) are not mixed with the chapter questions so they can be saved for use after initial study.

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Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Keith Wilson and John Walker

Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
by Keith Wilson and John Walker

Biochemistry involves the study of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms with the ultimate aim of understanding the nature of life in molecular terms. Biochemical studies rely on the availability of appropriate analytical techniques and on the application of these techniques to the advancement of knowledge of the nature of, and relationships between, biological molecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, and cellular function. In recent years huge advances have been made in our understanding of gene structure and expression and in the application of techniques such as mass spectrometry to the study of protein structure and function.
The Human Genome Project in particular has been the stimulus for major developments in our understanding of many human diseases especially cancer and for the identification of strategies that might be used to combat these diseases. The discipline of molecular biology overlaps with that of biochemistry and in many respects the aims of the two disciplines complement each other. Molecular biology is focussed on the molecular understanding of the processes of replication, transcription and translation of genetic material whereas biochemistry exploits the techniques and findings of molecular biology to advance our understanding of such cellular processes as cell signalling and apoptosis. The result is that the two disciplines now have the opportunity to address issues such as: • the structure and function of the total protein component of the cell (proteomics) and of all the small molecules in the cell (metabolomics); • the mechanisms involved in the control of gene expression;

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The Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by D.Smith et al.

The Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
by D.Smith et al.

The Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology provides a comprehensive survey of modern biochemistry and molecular biology. Fully revised and updated, this new edition includes definitions of terms from the fields of Bioinformatics, Biophysics, Cell Biology, Chemistry, Genetics, Immunology, Mathematics, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Systems Biology, and Toxicology. Entries are short and informative, covering details of biochemical substances and the processes in which they are involved, methods and concepts in molecular biology, and definitions of biochemical symbols and abbreviations. Each entry is accessibly written, pointing out the pitfalls where terms are often confused and providing recommended nomenclature and alternative names..........

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